Listeriosis Symptoms, Causes, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention

 

Listeriosis is one of the serious and dangerous disease caused by the bacterium listeria monocytogenes and while it may seem similar to the common food poisoning and it can lead to the severe health complications and especially in the pregnant women, newborns, older adults and the people with the weakened immune system and this infection is unique and because the bacteria can survive and even it grow in the cold temperature and listeriosis is also called the circling disease and it is the encephalitis and the meninges encephalitis and it is forms and then it is mostly found in the ruminants.

Etiology:

The etiology of the listeriosis is it comes from a word listeria that is monocytogenes and also the Ivana and other than that it is gram positive bacteria and it is in rod shape and it is facultative anaerobic and the non-spore forming and these are the saprophytic bacteria and it is produce by the exotoxins that is the superoxide dismutase, listeriosis and the hemolysin and this exotoxin when grows on the blood agar then it cause the hemolysis.

Characteristics of listeriosis:

Following are the characteristics of the listeriosis which are given below:

·      Mostly grow in the blood agar

·      The PH will be the 4.5-9.6

·      The temperature will be the 4 to 4.5 degree centigrade and it will be the cold enriched media

·      Facultative intracellular and it is found inside in the macrophages

·      And most importantly it has the 16 Serova's and it has the flagella and somatic on the basis of flagella and they are motile and they can move.

Epidemiology:

The epidemiology of the listeriosis is that it is found mostly in the December to may month and it is due to the silage offering and giving poor quality silage and where the listeria can grow easily and therefore this is simply called the Silage disease and it is mostly found in the cattle and in goat and sheep and in horse and in the pigs as well and most importantly the high chances in the cattle, goat and sheep and it effects the 42 species of animals and out off 22 birds are affected and humans are also affected and zoonotic in nature and it is present more in human veterinarian due to the abortus fetus and dealing due to the listeriosis and the conjunctivitis, keratin, dermatitis and also may developed in the vet.

Risk Factor:

The high-risk factor is the stress because due to the stress and also because of the pregnancy and also for the starvation and also for the malnutrition and most importantly the transportation etc.

Source of infection:

The source of infection is the feces and live for the 3 months and in cattle is to 1.5 months and in moist soil it is live for the 15 months and in the dry soil it lives till the 2 years.

Transmission:

There are the following ways of transmission which were given below:

·      It is transmitted through the fecal oral route

·      It is also transmitted through the animal to animal as well

·      It is also transmitted through the injury

·      And through milk it is also transmitted

·      And it is caused the otitis, sinusitis

·      And in spinal encephalitis due to the injury it transferred through the spinal cord and it goes into the brain and then encephalitis happened.

Pathogenesis:

The pathogenesis of the listeriosis is described briefly and first the bacteria enter into the body and then it goes into the intestine and then the endocytosis and then goes into the blood and then increase of stress condition and it divided into the three parts first the intestine and second the udder and third the pregnant so first we explain the intestine so it cause enteritis and due to this the diarrhea occur there will be the dehydration and fluid loss and abdominal pain and colic and in the udder cause mastitis and come in milk and cause inflammation in the udder and redness and swelling and in pregnant animal it cause the abortion and still birth and metritis and changes occur and when occur in the fetus and comes in the blood and it caused the septicemia.

Nervous Sign:

Following are the nervous sign which were given below:

·      Trigeminal nerve and unilateral paralysis and also caused as a ipsilateral hemiplegia

·      Facial nerve

·      Head tilted

·      Circulation

·      Jaw

·      Tongue and hyper salivation occur

·      Pupil reflex absent

·      Palpebral reflex absent and it is controlled by the facial nerves

·      Caused the pantophthalmids and it cause the pus in the interior chamber of the eyes

·      Also called the Uveitis in which the eyeball constriction

·      Hypersalivation

Diagnosis:

We will simply diagnose the disease through the taking the history from the owner of the animal also from the animal health physically visible easily to us and also from the clinical signs of the animal.

Differential Diagnosis:

Following are the differential diagnoses which were given below:

·      Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

·      Pregnancy toxemia

·      Rabies

·      Encephala Malacia

·      Otitis mange

·      Skin sloughing

Treatment:

Following are the treatment which will be given below:

·      Penicillin

·      Oxytetracycline

·      Chloramphenicol

·      One-time doxa use

·      Thiamine

·      Atropine for the eye dilation

Control:

As we know that the control is one of the main and most important factor to minimize the disease in the animal and how we control the disease before the arrival of the disease so it is through the vaccination and also by controlling and giving the proper amount of nutrition and make sure the animal should be stress free and most importantly the vaccines should be the attenuated.